Natural killer (NK) cells are granular lymphocytes that play important roles in immunity against viruses and in the immune surveillance of tumors. In addition to being a potent innate source of IFN-γ, NK cells hold cytoplasmic granula that contain perforin and granzymes involved in cell-mediated cytotoxicity. NK cells express various types of immunoreceptors that are all designed to sense pathological changes of self cells. NK cells differ from lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system, such as T and B cells, because they do not express one major immune recognition receptor generated by recombination of receptor elements. Instead, NK cells express an arsenal of polymorphic inhibitory and activating, germline-encoded immunoreceptors with variegated expression that interact with ligands expressed by self cells. The balance of inhibitory and activating input to an NK cell determines its activation state, and harnessing the power of NK cells by exploiting this polymorphic inhibitory receptor/ligand system has become a constituent of clinical therapies.
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This practical guide thoroughly discusses both well-established and new interventions that are applied to the spine for the purpose of pain relief.
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