In the search for successful antitubercular treatments, investigators have often turned their efforts to ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, and phytochemistry. Since many of the world’s peoples have well-developed systems of traditional medicine with plants and their extracts as a major component and many of these plants have been used to treat tuberculosis, indigenous herbal medicine is a logical starting point for a research program. The major aims in this chapter are to summarize current antitubercular treatments; look for structural patterns in molecules that have been used successfully in the therapeutics of tuberculosis; examine published evidence of natural products derived principally from macrophytic species with an anecdotal reputation as antitubercular treatments or that have been deliberately tested for antitubercular activity; and identify promising structural classes of plant metabolites that can serve as lead compounds. Finally, I would like to indicate some of the directions being followed by leading researchers in the field and suggest ways forward in drug discovery to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
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