Due to their unique advantages for certain experimental approaches, crustaceans have long been used in neurobiological research. In this chapter, we describe a number of important contributions to the field of learning and memory yielded by investigations carried out over more than 20 years in the crab Neohelice (until recently Chasmagnathus) granulata. Several distinct learning paradigms have been implemented in this animal, with the most compelling studies being performed in the so called context-signal memory (CSM). Acquired through a single training session, CSM entails a long-lasting modification (>5 days) of the escape response to a visual danger stimulus. CSM is determined by an association between two independent memories—a memory of the stimulus (signal memory) and a memory of the training environment (context memory). Investigations of CSM have been performed using behavioral, ecological, electrophysiological, anatomical, pharmacological, and molecular approaches. Fundamental findings and their significance are discussed.
In 1984, Hawkins and Kandel published a seminal paper titled “Is There a Cell-Biological Alphabet for Simple Forms of Learning?” Based on their early findings of the cooperative regulation of adenylyl cyclase in sensory neurons of ...
This is difficult to address in the mammalian brain due to its enormous complexity, and invertebrates offer major advantages for learning and memory studies because of their relative simplicity.
A robot that senses and interacts autonomously with the real world can be used to embody specific hypotheses about the mechanisms of learning in invertebrates.
The pioneering work of J. Z. Young, M. J. Wells, and colleagues confirmed that a specific structure in the brain of the modern cephalopods, the vertical lobe, is involved in their highly sophisticated behaviors.
in the establishment of prey preference in juvenile cuttlefish may depend on different rules than those in avoidance learning.85 In the chick, it has been shown that memories supporting imprinting preferences and those consecutive to ...
The behavioral phenomenon of extinction resembles the decrease of a conditioned behavior when animals experience the presentation of a previously reinforced stimulus.
We consider issues of social learning in insect societies.
Mathematical models and computer simulations play important roles in developing a better understanding of learning and memory mechanisms.
There are two kinds of activity—reactivity and initiating activity. If in a special situation, the animal’s repertoire contains a behavior with sufficiently positive inferred outcome and this is activated, it is called a reaction.
In this review, we (1) explore the evolution of individual recognition in paper wasps, including the selective pressures thought to shape the origin and maintenance of individual recognition; (2) discuss the extent of memory for specific ...