The study of learning and memory using Drosophila melanogaster has evolved across four broad areas of investigation: genetics, biochemistry/molecular biology, neuroanatomy, and systems neuroscience. Research into the genetics of learning and memory has revealed critical signaling pathways underlying memory formation, ranging from the centrality of cAMP signaling in memory acquisition to the roles of Rac and dopamine in forgetting. Biochemistry and molecular biology have characterized the molecular functions of these signaling pathways that regulate memory. Neuroanatomical studies have established the role of the mushroom body in the encoding and retrieval of memories and identified other components of the memory circuits. Finally, circuit- and systems-level analysis have revealed how multiple sets of neurons interact to generate the functional changes in circuits that encode memories. Here, we review the progress across these domains and provide an outlook for future contributions of Drosophila to the study of learning and memory.
The behavior of insects transcends elementary forms of adaptive responding to environmental changes.
This is difficult to address in the mammalian brain due to its enormous complexity, and invertebrates offer major advantages for learning and memory studies because of their relative simplicity.
in the establishment of prey preference in juvenile cuttlefish may depend on different rules than those in avoidance learning.85 In the chick, it has been shown that memories supporting imprinting preferences and those consecutive to ...
In 1984, Hawkins and Kandel published a seminal paper titled “Is There a Cell-Biological Alphabet for Simple Forms of Learning?” Based on their early findings of the cooperative regulation of adenylyl cyclase in sensory neurons of ...
Invertebrate Learning and Memory
What is the engram, the memory trace that stores the content of memory?
This chapter briefly reviews the most recent knowledge on octopus learning capabilities, focusing on its capability to learn by observation of conspecifics.
We consider issues of social learning in insect societies.
There are two kinds of activity—reactivity and initiating activity. If in a special situation, the animal’s repertoire contains a behavior with sufficiently positive inferred outcome and this is activated, it is called a reaction.
A robot that senses and interacts autonomously with the real world can be used to embody specific hypotheses about the mechanisms of learning in invertebrates.