The twentieth century bore witness to the creation of a new class of person: the placeless people; those who cross frontiers and fall out of nation states; the refugees; the stateless; the rightless. Unlike genocide, the impact of mass displacement on modern thought and literature has yet to be recognised. For writers such as Hannah Arendt, Franz Kafka, George Orwell, Samuel Beckett, Simone Weil, among others, the outcasts of the twentieth century raised vitalquestions about sovereignty, humanism and the future of human rights. Placeless People combines an account of these first responses to the era of the refugee with a critique of contemporary humanitariansensibilities.