Protein targeting is the study of how newly synthesized proteins reach their ultimate destination. Proteins may be targeted into an intracellular organelle such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or rough endoplasmic reticulum, or they may be secreted or taken up by a cell and distributed tospecific locations such as the endosome or lysosome. Small parts of the protein's structure are recognized by intracellular receptors, which direct or 'target' the protein to its destination. Some proteins must cross membranes during this process, and many are subject to modification as they travel.The understanding of protein targeting has many applications including cancer research, the study of diseases that result from faulty targeting, and the genetic manipulation of microorganisms to target useful proteins. This volume summarizes over 20 years of research activity by the scientificcommunity into this exciting and important phenomenon. As such, it will be of value to students and researchers alike.