In this long-awaited work, Samir Khalaf analyzes the history of civil strife and political violence in Lebanon and reveals the inherent contradictions that have plagued that country and made it so vulnerable to both inter-Arab and superpower rivalries. How did a fairly peaceful and resourceful society, with an impressive history of viable pluralism, coexistence, and republicanism, become the site of so much barbarism and incivility? Khalaf argues that historically internal grievances have been magnified or deflected to become the source of international conflict. From the beginning, he shows, foreign interventions have consistently exacerbated internal problems. Lebanon's fragmented political culture is a byproduct of two general features. First, it reflects the traditional forces and political conflicts caused by striking differences in religious beliefs and communal and sectarian loyalties that continue to split the society and reinforce its factional character. Second, and superimposed on these, are new forms of socioeconomic and cultural stress caused by Lebanon's role in the continuing international conflicts in the region. Khalaf concludes that Lebanon is now at a crossroads in its process of political and social transformation, and proposes some strategies to re-create a vibrant civil and political culture that can accommodate profound transformations in the internal, domestic sphere as well as mediate developments taking place internationally. Throughout, Khalaf demonstrates how the internal and external currents must be considered simultaneously in order to understand the complex and tragic history of the country. This deeply considered and subtle analysis of the interplay of complex historical forces helps us to imagine a viable future not only for Lebanon but also for the Middle East as a whole.
Following this are individual chapters, covering everything from the climate for a country to where to find the best shopping bargains. City by city, each country is detailed thoroughly!
زلزال لبنان
They Came To Kill by Dick Stivers released on Oct 25, 1984 is available now for purchase.
rule , 215 The Hariri assassination was a historic turning point for the Sunnis in Lebanon . " Like an aircraft carrier altering course in ... 215 217 Blanford , Killing Mr. Lebanon , p . 140 ; Kropf , p . 129 . Blanford , Killing Mr.
Osama al-Kharrat left Lebanon at 16 to escape the civil war. He returns after some years, much changed, to find his father bedridden and his family, friends and enemies gathered...
They refused because the license plate was Palestinian. I parked the car in the camp. I left it there. I tried working with a Lebanese truck for an ice factory, but my driver's license was Palestinian. I applied for a Lebanese driver's ...
Lamia and her family are caught up in the fighting, with tragic consequences. Lamia struggles with the hatred that threatens to destroy her, until she grasps that forgiveness and love are the most important things. Nothing else matters.
Lebanon - Current Issues & Background
Today Lebanon is one of the world's most divided countries - if it remains a country at all.
Ending Syria's Occupation of Lebanon: The U.S. Role : Report of the Lebanon Study Group