In Situations and Individuals, Paul Elbourne argues that the natural language expressions that have been taken to refer to individuals -- pronouns, proper names, and definite descriptions -- have a common syntax and semantics, roughly that of definite descriptions as construed in the tradition of Frege. In the course of his argument, Elbourne shows that proper names have previously undetected donkey anaphoric readings.This is contrary to previous theorizing and, if true, would undermine what philosophers call the direct reference theory (which holds that the sole contribution of a proper name to the truth conditions of a sentence is an individual) as well as the related doctrine that proper names are rigid designators. Elbourne begins by addressing donkey anaphora, relating other concerns about pronouns to the solution of this notorious problem. His subsequent argumentation provides a unified semantics for the donkey anaphoric and bound and referential uses of pronouns and discusses the prospect of unifying the syntax and semantics of pronouns with the syntax and semantics of normal definite descriptions. Elbourne's aim is not only to advance his proposal of a unified syntax and semantics but also to urge linguists and philosophers dealing with pronoun interpretation to consider a wider range of theories than they do at present, and to test the competing claims of description-based theories and dynamic semantics against the data.
在大学里撰写研究报告、本科硕士论文、博士论文的学生们现在正生活在一个充满电子技术的世界里,这在1937年是不可想象的——那一年,学术论文负责人凯特·L·杜拉宾首先汇编了 ...
Reimann , G. A .; Grandy , J. D .; Eddy , T. L .; Anderson , G. L. In Nuclear and Hazardous Waste Management Spectrum '92 ( Proc . ) ; American Nuclear Society , Inc. , La Grange Park , IL , 1992 ; Vol . 2 , pp . 1083-1088 . 3 .
... 223-24 Bayard , Thomas F. , 289 Blair , Montgomery , 206 Beach , Moses Y. , 125-26 Blessing , Tim H. , 256 Beech ... Karl A. , 432 Boynton , Charles , 335 Bickham , W. D. , 235 Bradford , John , 46 Biddle , Nicholas , 87 Bradford ...
As Thompson has pointed out, we commonly use words, expressions, and constructions in written expositions that would seem artificial in oral speech. Gri- boedov's phrase, "and you speak as you write," refers to the comic transfer of the ...
Baldi , Philip and Ronald N. Werth , eds . 1978. Readings in historical phonology : Chapters in the theory of sound ... Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure 13.18–33 . and Row . Christie , William M. , Jr. , FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN SPANISH 371.
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A stock solution of PCP was prepared at an elevated pH of 11 with 1 N NaOH to increase the solubility of PCP in the aqueous phase . For the partial chemical oxidation pretreatment by Fenton's Reagent , the ferrous sulfate solution ...
Madsen , H. , & Bowen , J. D. ( 1978 ) . Adaptation in language teaching . New York : Newbury House . Stevick , E. W. ( 1972 ) . Evaluating and adapting language materials . In H. B. Allen & R. N. Campbell ( Eds . ) , Teaching English ...
In its determination to preserve the century of revolution, Gale initiated a revolution of its own: digitization of epic proportions to preserve these invaluable works in the largest archive of its kind.
In its determination to preserve the century of revolution, Gale initiated a revolution of its own: digitization of epic proportions to preserve these invaluable works in the largest archive of its kind.