In this groundbreaking study, Janusz Bugajski evaluates the impact of Sandinista political, economic, and social programs. The book focuses on the confrontations between the regime and Nicaragua's rural population, particularly the Ladino peasantry and the Indian and black indigenous minorities of the Atlantic coast region. The book concentrates on the Sandinista's agrarian strategies in order to distinguish between short-term policies and long-term programs. It addresses the question of whether any durable and novel ideological, political, and economic elements have been introduced in Nicaragua in terms of Marxist-Leninist models of state socialism--expecially vis-a-vis peasantry and the country's ethnic minorities.
Upon seizing power in July 1979, the Sandinistas embarked on a socialist transformation of Nicaraguan society. This book concludes that in confronting major internal and external obstacles, the regime opted for a degree of economic flexibility without abandoning its long-term political objectives. The regime's Leninist political arrangements, claims Bugajski, were therefore combined with a quasi-Communist economic program. The Sandinistas captured and remodeled all levers of social control, including the state apparatus, the armed forces, and the security network, and fortified those mechanisms that could most effectively extend their domination. But in order to minimize economic dislocation, political opposition, and social unrest, to uphold productivity, to obtain vital agro-export revenues, and to prevent international isolation, Managua implemented a transitory mixed economy and continued to tolerate a politically weakened private sector.
Booth, John. 1985. The End and the Beginning: The Nicaraguan Revolution. Boulder: Westview. Booth, John, and Thomas W. Walker. 1989. Understanding Central America. Boulder: Westview Borge, Tomás. 1984. Carlos, the Dawn Ls No Longer ...
MARY KAY VAUGHAN HELEN DELPAR BARREDA Y LAOS , FELIPE ( b . 1888 ; d . 1973 ) , Peruvian historian , lawyer , diplomat , educator . He was educated in a JESUIT school and at the University of San Marcos in Lima , where he became a ...
Nutini,Hugo G. 1968.San Bernardino Contla: Marriage and Family Structure in aTlax- calan Municipio. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh. Nutini, Hugo G., and Betty Bell. 1980. Ritual Kinship: The Structure and Historical ...
Bradshaw was succeeded by C. Paul Southwell, who had also been employed in the sugar factory. He had been Bradshaw's closest friend and served as chief minister when Bradshaw was in the West Indian Federation government.
Patterson quotes a contemporary writer who suggested that the enthusiastic religious devotion of the slaves during and immediately after emancipation was due to their " zest for freedom an a token of gratitude to the preachers .
Commander John Hubbard , the commanding officer of the cruiser Nashville , found the following cable waiting for him at ... they landed at 8:30 A.M. The General Superintendent of the Panama Railway , J. R. Shaler , being privy to the ...
This authoritative reference book looks at the process by which Spain extended its influence throughout the modern world. It provides more than 1,200 brief descriptive essays covering colonies, individuals, political...
Settlement And Society In Colonial Durango Michael M Swann, David J Robinson ... Browning and David J. Robinson , " Census Legacy from the Spanish Empire , " Geographical Magazine , Vol . 48 ( 1976 ) , pp . 225230 ; David G. Browning ...
74 , 75 , 76 ; illegal before 1917 , 13 , Serrano , Francisco ( General ) , 6 31 , 62 ; in the national - revolutionSierra , Justo , 15 ary period , 94-95 , 96 , 98 , 108 , Silva Herzog , Jesús , 147 , 169 112–114 ; under Obregón and ...
(26)白俊杰:《巴西华侨华人概述》,载周南京主编:《华侨华人百科全书·历史卷》,中国华侨出版社2002年版,第36页。(27)白俊杰:《巴西华侨华人概述》,载周南京主编:《华侨华人百科全书·历史卷》,中国华侨出版社2002年版,第36页。(28)白俊杰:《巴西华侨华人 ...