In 1789 Washington's administration announced that American Indians would receive equal citizenship as soon as they were "civilized and Christianized". William McLoughlin describes the crucial role missionaries played in the acculturation and "Americanization" of the Cherokee Indians from 1789 to 1839. He compares the methods, successes, and failures of the Moravians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, and Methodists among the Cherokees. Each denomination offered its own vision of "civilization": Southern missionaries taught the divine ordination of slavery, but northern missionaries taught that God opposed it. Some counseled the Cherokees to "obey the powers that be"; others showed them how civil disobedience might defeat Andrew Jackson's plan to remove the Indians to the West.
William McLoughlin describes the crucial role missionaries played in the acculturation and "Americanization" of the Cherokee Indians from 1789 to 1839.
William G. McLoughlin. Publications of the North Carolina Historical Commission. Vols. 23, 24, 25, 27. Raleigh, N.C., 1943, 1947, 1954. Hamilton, Kenneth G., trans, and ed. “Minutes of the Mission Conference Held in Springplace.
Prucha , The Great Father , 1 : 191-213 , and William McLoughlin , Cherokees and Missionaries : 1789-1839 ( New Haven : Yale Univ . Press , 1984 ) , 239-99 . 56. Implicit in the discussion here is the fact that if Indian tribal ...
John Norton, a Cherokee raised by the Mohawks who visited the Cherokees in 1816, recorded much geographic and ... dual biography of two missionaries who were with the Cherokees before and after removal, Champions of the Cherokees: Evan ...
Bearss, Edwin C. The Battle of Wilson's Creek, with battle maps by David Whitman. Wilson's Creek, Missouri: George Washington Carver Birthplace District Association, 1975. Bearss, Edwin C. "The Civil War ...
In Literacy and Intellectual Life in the Cherokee Nation, 1820–1906, James W. Parins traces the rise of bilingual literacy and intellectual life in the Cherokee Nation during the nineteenth century—a time of intense social and political ...
Daniel Crews, Faith and Tears: The Moravian Mission among the Cherokee (Winston-Salem, NC, 2000), 42, n.1; Jerry Surratt, “From Theocracy to ... William G. McLoughlin, Cherokees and Missionaries, 1789–1839 (New Haven, CT, 1984), 36. 10.
William G. McLoughlin, "The Missionaries and the Cherokee Bourgeoisie," in Cherokees and Missionaries, 1789-1839, 126-27. For an example of the articles in the Cherokee Phoenix espousing genteel constructions of gender, ...
William G. McLoughlin, Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986), 435. ... Cherokee Nation, “Memorial of a Delegation”; William G. McLoughlin, Cherokees and Missionaries, 1789–1839 (New ...
Park Hill, Okla.: Cross-Cultural Education Center, 1983. Detailed study of the emergence and history of the Keetoowahs in the western Cherokee Nation during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Hill, Sarah H. Weaving New ...