Lead poisoning, a preventable condition, is one of the most serious environmental health threats to children in the U.S. This report reviews federal activities for ensuring that at-risk children receive screening & treatment for lead poisoning. In particular, it addresses the risk of lead poisoning faced by children served by federal health care programs, the extent to which children served by these programs have been screened for this condition, reasons why screenings may not be occurring, & problems faced by federal health care programs in ensuring that children who have been identified as having harmful lead levels in their blood receive timely follow-up treatment.