Although the Roman empire was one of the longest lasting in history, it was never ideologically conceived by its rulers or inhabitants as a territory within fixed limits. Yet the Roman armies clearly reached certain points - which today we call frontiers - where they simply stopped advancing and annexing new territories. In Frontiers of the Roman Empire C. R. Whittaker examines the Roman frontiers in terms of what they meant to the Romans and in their military, economic, and social function. Whittaker begins by discussing the Romans' ideological vision of geographic space - demonstrating, for example, how an interest in precise boundaries of organized territories never included a desire to set limits on controls of unorganized space beyond these territories. He then describes the role of frontiers in the expanding empire, including an attempt to answer the question of why the frontiers stopped where they did. He examines the economy and society of the frontiers. Finally, he discusses the pressure hostile outsiders placed on the frontiers, and their eventual collapse. Observing that frontiers are rarely, if ever, static, Whittaker concludes that the very success of the Roman frontiers as permeable border zones sowed the seeds of their eventual destruction. As the frontiers of the late empire ceased to function, the ideological distinctions between Romans and barbarians became blurred. Yet the very permeability of the frontiers, Whittaker contends, also permitted a transformation of Roman society, breathing new life into the empire rather than causing its complete extinction.
西域游历丛书集斯坦因1900-1901年、1906-1908年、1913-1916年三次中国西部探险考古资料于一体,共15册(第一次:1-3册,第二次:4-9册,第三次:10 ...
西域游历丛书中的《重返和田绿洲》《踏勘尼雅遗址》《路经楼兰》《从罗布沙漠到敦煌》《发现藏经洞》《穿越塔克拉玛干》六册,是《西域考古图记》的整理本,我社于2000年初 ...
One of the reds from Bolton , of which there were three different shades , was analysed qualitatively by K.W. Stephens from the London Institute of Archaeology in 1976.19 It was found to consist of mostly iron with a small percentage of ...
... social as well as economic significance , and the distinctions drawn by Karl Polanyi and his collaborators between reciprocity , redistribution and market exchange ( Polanyi , Arensberg and Pearson 1957 ) have been widely followed .
Nippur: Excavations of the Joint Expedition to Nippur of the University Museum of Philadelphia and the Oriental Institute of the...
Features Nonportable material remains such as building foundations , wells , graves , and landscaping elements are referred to as features . Archaeologists give special attention to features because they are so highly informative about ...
In a discussion of Neanderthals , Taylor ( 1927 , 136 ) remarked : From 125,000 B.C. perhaps to 25,000 B.C. Europe was occupied by these folk . They had large narrow heads ( cephalic index 73 ) with over - hanging brows and retreating ...
2001 : P. Bartl , S. Erdil , K. Franke , J. Heigermoser , F. Kierzek , R. Krvavac , S. Kunz , T. Kutzner und C. Vögeli . 2002 : E. Alvarez , S. Erdil , A. Gökser , K. Franke , J. Heigermoser , B. Öğüt , F. Sachs , M. Wild ...
Looks at the development of an active relationship between the public and ruins as to how they can be preserved and used.
In Archaeology in the Borderlands : Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond , edited by Adam T. Smith and Karen S. Rubinson , pp . 111-27 . Cotsen Institute of Archaeology , Monograph 47. Los Angeles : Cotsen Institute of Archaeology ...