English is the world's lingua franca-the most widely spoken language in human history. And yet, as historian and linguist Nicholas Ostler persuasively argues, English will not only be displaced as the world's language in the not-distant future, it will be the last lingua franca, not replaced by another. Empire, commerce, and religion have been the primary raisons d'etre for lingua francas--Greek, Latin, Arabic have all held the position--and Ostler explores each through the lens of civilizations spanning the globe and history, from China and India to Russia and Europe. Three trends emerge that suggest the ultimate decline of English and other lingua francas. Movements throughout the world towards equality in society will downgrade the status of elites--and since elites are the prime users of non-native English, the language will gradually retreat to its native-speaking territories. The rising wealth of Brazil, Russia, India, and China will challenge the dominance of native-English-speaking nations--thereby shrinking the international preference for English. Simultaneously, new technologies will allow instant translation among major languages, enhacing the status of mother tongues and lessening the necessity for any future lingua franca. Ostler predicts a soft landing for English: It will still be widely spoken, if no longer worldwide, sustained by America's continued power on the world stage. But its decline will be both symbolic and significant, evidence of grand shifts in the cultural effects of empire. The Last Lingua Franca is both an insightful examination of the trajectory of our own mother tongue and a fascinating lens through which to view the sweep of history.
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Sloan's Green Guide to Antiquing in New England, 1991-1992
Yang mana untuk peserta didik almustawa al-awwal diajarakan kitab jurumiyah, sedangkan untuk peserta didik al-mustawa al-mutawatsit diberikan kitab kawakib adduriyah, dan untuk peserta didik al-mustawa al-mutaqoddim diberikan kitab ...
Braynard, Frank O. & Miller, William H. Fifty Famous Liners, Volumes 1—3. Cambridge, England: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1982—86. Bunker, John W. Harbor & Haven: An Illustrated History of the Port of New York.
entranCe to Charlotte hall Military aCaDeMy. Charlotte Hall School was established by act of the Maryland General Assembly in April 1774 to provide a unified free school for the counties of Charles, St. Mary's, and Prince George's.
This is a difficult question and in the absence of any contemporary Dublin work dealing with the make up of trades it is worth again consulting R. Campbell's London Tradesman of 1747, which earlier in this chapter gave us a detailed ...
Identification and values of over 50, 000 antiques and collectibles.
1.3 From Latin America with Hate, 1975, Marisa Rueda, courtesy of the artist States. She uses the inherent qualities of the ceramic material. A body shape or form made in soft clay can be allowed to slump in this way.
Un zorrito despierta con hambre inmensa y sale a recolectar huevos.
The Yellow Creek Story by L.M. (Yellow Creek) Watson as told to A.D. Holcombe reproduction to get this valuabe story back into circulation for the rabbit hunters.