This book analyzes the emergence of ethnic consciousness among Hakka-speaking people in late imperial China in the context of their migrations in search of economic opportunities. It poses three central questions: What determined the temporal and geographic pattern of Hakka and Pengmin (a largely Hakka-speaking people) migration in this era? In what circumstances and over what issues did ethnic conflict emerge? How did the Chinese state react to the phenomena of migration and ethnic conflict? To answer these questions, a model is developed that brings together three ideas and types of data: the analytical concept of ethnicity; the history of internal migration in China; and the regional systems methodology of G. William Skinner, which has been both a breakthrough in the study of Chinese society and an approach of broad social-scientific application. Professor Skinner has also prepared eleven maps for the book, as well as the Introduction. The book is in two parts. Part I describes the spread of the Hakka throughout the Lingnan, and to a lesser extent the Southeast Coast, macroregions. It argues that this migration occurred because of upswings in the macroregional economies in the sixteenth century and in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. As long as economic opportunities were expanding, ethnic antagonisms were held in check. When, however, the macroregional economies declined, in the mid-seventeenth and late eighteenth centuries, ethnic tensions came to the fore, notably in the Hakka-Punti War of the mid-nineteenth century. Part II broadens the analysis to take into account other Hakka-speaking people, notably the Pengmin, or "shack people. When new economic opportunities opened up, the Pengmin moved to the peripheries of most of the macroregions along the Yangzi valley, particularly to the highland areas close to major trading centers. As with the Hakka, ethnic antagonisms, albeit differently expressed, emerged as a result of a declining economy and increased competition for limited resources in the main areas of Pengmin concentration.
This book analyzes the emergence of ethnic consciousness among Hakka-speaking people in late imperial China in the context of their migrations in search of economic opportunities.
relations'. In Penny Edwards and Shen Yuanfang (eds), Lost in the Whitewash: Aboriginal–Asian Encounters in Australia, 1901–2001. Canberra: Humanities Research Centre, Australian National University, pp. 85–101.
The purpose of this paper is to examine the history of the Chinese Muslims who moved to Malaysia and explain the different factors that have influenced this migration at different historical stages.
Rural-urban migration is an important aspect in the development of countries. Until the late 1980s China was one of the few countries that controlled population movement both directly and indirectly...
2. Joan Nathan, “East Meets South at a Delta Table: Chinese-Americans Bring the Tastes of Their Ancestors Down Home,” New York Times, June 4, 2003: D1. 3. Robert Seto Quan, Lotus among the Magnolias: The Mississippi Chinese (Jackson: ...
Destination Canada, p. 41. Toronto: Oxford University Press. Li, W., A. Oberle and G. Dymski (2009). Gobal Banking and Financial Services to Immigrants in Canada and the US. Journal of International Migration and Integration, ...
Annotation Melissa Brown looks at the issue of Tiawan - specifically whether or not the Taiwanese are of Chinese/Han ethnicity (as is claimed by the Chinese government) - or is there in fact a Taiwanese ethnicity that is in fact unique unto ...
To better understand China' s contemporary make-up, please explore this volume further.
CHAPTER ONE SINIFYING NEW SPAIN: CATHAY'S INFLUENCE ON COLONIAL MEXICO VIA THE NAO DE CHINA Edward R. Slack, Jr.* Scholarship on the Asian diaspora in Latin America has been plagued by one incontrovertible weakness: an appalling lack of ...
Drawing upon wide-ranging case study material, the book explores the ever-changing personal and cultural identity of Chinese migrants and the diverse cosmopolitan communities they create.