This book explores how the lower federal court appointment process became vastly politicized in the modern era. Scherer develops a theory of elite mobilization, positing that lower court appointments have always been used by politicians for electoral purposes, but because of two historic changes to American institutions in the 1950s and 1960sthe breakdown of the old party system, and a federal judiciary reception to expanding individuals constitutional rightspoliticians shifted from an appointment system dominated by patronage to a system dominated by new policy-oriented appointment strategies. The use of these new strategies not only resulted in partisan warfare during the nomination and confirmation stages of the appointment process, but also led to party-polarized voting in the lower federal courts. Employing exclusive data of judicial decision-making from the New Deal era through the present, Scherer demonstrates that there was little party-polarized voting in the lower federal courts until the late 1960s, and that once politicians began to use elite mobilization strategies, significant party-polarized voting in the lower federal courts resulted. Accordingly, elite mobilization strategies have affected not only politics in Washington, but also the way justice is distributed across the country.
This book will prove the latter. With lessons that are simple and easy to learn, Coach Godwin shows you first hand what it takes to consistently score points every game.
This book will prove the latter. With lessons that are simple and easy to learn, Coach Godwin shows you first hand what it takes to consistently score points every game.
CALCULATING THE SCORECARD POINT WEIGHTS Once we've estimated our logistic regression model we can put in the X values for any given borrower or loan and calculate a score using the equation Score = B , X , + ... + BnXn .
An ordinary girl thrown into an extraordinary life .
The story of how Tesco used Clubcard - its loyalty scheme - to reinvent itself and its relationship with its customers, in the words of the people who were there.
This book is designed to help teachers: clarify the targets of instruction, especially for hard-to-define problem solving; provide valid and reliable assessment of student learning; and improve student motivation and achievement by helping ...