I also examine a broader range of migrants than previously studied, shifting the focus away from high-ranking Confederate officers to lesser-known white and black Southerners. Moreover, I center the borderlands between Texas and Coahuila to reveal how Native Americans and local Mexicans prevented Southern colonies from taking hold in this area. These borderlanders drove the initial wedge into the colonization plans and began the downfall of the original venture. However, Southern colonization did continue on a more modest scale after the fall of the Mexican empire, still focusing on commercial agriculture and market-driven strategies to develop Southern colonies and Mexico's economy.