Public expenditure on policing in the U.S. more than quadrupled between 1982 and 2006. This report tries to create space for a careful conversation about the challenge of paying for policing. It starts by asking two questions. First, what is driving up police expend.? Are police departments growing and providing more services to more people, are the costs of providing these same services simply going up, or are other factors responsible for the increase? Second, what have cities and their residents received in return for their investment in policing? Are there fewer crimes, a greater sense of safety and more satisfaction with police services? What has happened to the bottom line in policing? Illus. This is a print on demand report.