Climate change poses significant risks to future crop productivity. The use of crop genetic resources to develop varieties more tolerant to rapidly changing environmental conditions will be an important part of agricultural adaptation to climate change. Finding new genetic traits that can facilitate adaptation, and incorporating them into commercially successful varieties, is time-consuming, expensive, and technically difficult. Because of insufficient private incentives, public-sector investment will help determine the agricultural sector's ability to maintain crop productivity, and the potential benefits for society of public investment are large. This study shows that factors such as intellectual property rules for genetic resources and for research tools, or international agreements governing genetic resource exchange, have the potential both to promote and to hamper greater use of genetic resources for climate change adaptation. Tables and figures. This is a print on demand report.