This volume is made up of articles and book chapters that deal with encounters in which the peoples, faiths, or material cultures of the Islamic world were involved either as agents or as the subject of actions or observations by others. All regions of the Islamic world contained other confessional communities, each possessing their own artistic and intellectual traditions. Artists, writers, and scholars also engaged in profound and diverse ways with the cultures of the polities they found beyond the borders of the Islamic world, most notably China, the Byzantine empire, Christian Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Indian subcontinent. Adventurers, merchants, and emissaries from Islamic lands came into direct contact with non-Muslim cultures, while others formed their understanding through means such as oral and written accounts of journeys or the purchasing of imported goods and slaves. Imported manufactured items affected the technologies and aesthetic qualities of the arts of the Islamic world and have been the subject of extensive art-historical study. In this volume, the 'outsider' perspectives come primarily from early Modern European artists and scholars, while two chapters address evidence from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.