Cranial deformation of human skulls was a phenomenon that existed on all inhabited continents, and especially the case about 2000 years ago among the elite of societies. Nowhere was it more prevalent than it the countries now known as Peru and Bolivia. In this book the author shows how many ancient South American societies, such as the Inca had elongated heads, and that this cultural practice may be traced back to mysterious ancestors with very complex genetics origins.
Holes in the Head examines trepanation in ancient Peru and explores its origins and spread throughout the Central Andes, focusing on techniques, success rates, and possible motivations for trepanning.
Olduvai Gorge