About seventy years ago, S. J. Crawford, talking about the monsters of the sea and land populating the Apocalypse, observed: "I am somewhat surprised that we have not already had an article with the title 'Beowulf and the Apocalypse.'"1 The main reason no such study appeared until recently is simply that scholars were too preoccupied with reading Beowulf as a pagan Germanic poem or as a poem shaped almost exclusively by the Western Latin intellectual traditions dominated by St. Augustine and his disciples or that they were trying to avoid these two extremes. The emphasis in this book is that the Old English poem integrates apocalyptic ideas developed by the Eastern Christians.