In discussing SDD, attention was focused on binary transmission, that is, using two possible transmitted symbols {-1, +1}. Let the Nyquist bandwidth of a transmission (or storage) signal be the rate Rs at which symbols are transmitted (or stored). For binary transmission, the two values of a bit, 0 and 1, are assigned to two values of the transmitted symbol, +1 and -1, respectively. Therefore, Rs bits/second require a Nyquist bandwidth of Rs Hz. The spectral efficiency μ of a binary transmission system equals 1 bit/sec/Hz (or 1 bit/symbol). Coded modulation is the joint design of error correcting codes and digital modulation formats to increase the bandwidth efficiency of a digital communication system.