This book describes the emergence of research policy as a key competence of the European Union (EU). It shows how the European Community (EC, the predecessor of the EU), which initially had very limited legal competence in the field, progressively developed a solid policy framework presenting science and research as indispensable tools for European economic competitiveness and growth. In the late 20th century Western Europe, hungry for growth, concerned about the American technological lead, and keen to compete in the increasingly open international markets, the argument for a joint European effort in science and technology seemed plausible. However, the EC was building its new functions in an already crowded field of European research collaboration and in a shifting political context marked by austerity, national rivalries, new societal and environmental challenges, and emerging ambivalence about science. This book conveys the contested history of one of the EU's most successful policies. It is a story of struggle and frustration but also of a great institutional and intellectual continuity. The ideational edifice for the EC/EU research policy that was put in place during the 1960s and 1970s years proved remarkably robust. Its durability enabled the rapid takeoff of the European Commission's initiatives in the more favorable political atmosphere of the early 1980s and the subsequent expansion of the EU research funding instruments and programs that permanently transformed the European research landscape.
Prosess og metode: sosiologisk forskning som ferdighet
This new collection, with six volumes organized by themes, provides readers with a representative sample of the best articles in mixed-methods research that have appeared in SAGE journals.
Row(s): Grp columns(s): Q6 > exact: -monte carlo > Statistics: -chi-squared → Output: Fig 8.18 Fig 8.18 gives the calculated value for Pearson's chi-squared, p = 0.038, but it also gives a 99% confidence interval range for the ...
... dept has facilities for radiographic , serological , biochem and biometrical research ; human skeletal material available inc Pearson and Duckworth Collections , over 15,000 specimens from Neolithic to recent date , representative ...
The genesis of this guide started at a meeting between PKSOI and the Department of Distance Education (DDE) at the Army War College (AWC).
Research: Its Place and Purpose
SECTION 2 LISTING OF PROGRAMS BY STATE Science teacher Margaret L. Young , author of a booklet on science program resources in the Kansas City , Missouri area , wrote : “ There are So many resources in our community which could help ...
A brief guide to help students understand difficult terms in their research courses. This pocket guide is in an ideal supplement to the many discipline specific texts on research methods and statistics.
Le quotidien du chercheur: une chasse aux fantômes?
Research Centers Directory: Descriptive listings