When the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) was founded just over a century ago the practice of referring disputes to international tribunals was un usual. Instead, arbitration, with its procedural emphasis on party-autonomy, was seen as the only acceptable way for sovereign states to settle their differences peacefully. War and neutrality, as Professor Shabtai Rosenne explains in his in troduction to this most welcome publication of extracts from the proceedings of the International Peace Conferences, were regarded as inevitable realities of in ternational relations as late as the mid-twentieth century. Moreover, a perma nent tribunal with international jurisdiction would not have stood much chance of either success, or survival, at the end ofthe nineteenth century. The First International Peace Conference in 1899 adopted the 1899 Conven tion for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, the objectives of which were international disarmament and the strengthening of international dispute settlement as an alternative to war. The 1899 Convention alsocreated the PCA in an effort to institutionalize dispute resolution through a third party mechanism.
... liquet: it embodies a 'bilateralization'100 of international justice which leads to a pre-eminently transactional ... His unwillingness to take it one step further is perhaps due to the difficulty in marshalling 'judicial practice' ...
However, Article 95 has been examined once directly by the International Court of Justice1 and the principle ... The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 and International Arbitration: Reports and Documents 169 (The Hague, ...
16 Fraser, A Sketch of the History of International Arbitration, 11 Cornell L.Q. 179, 186 (1925-1926) (citing A. Raeder, L'Arbitrage International Chez les Hellènes 16-17 (1912)). 17 Smith, “Judicial Nationalism” in International Law: ...
This book is at once an academic work, indispensable for scholars of the institution, and a practical guide that will be a required addition to the libraries of counsel, arbitrators, and others involved in dispute resolution proceedings ...
37 Russian Circular Note Proposing the Programme of the First Conference, 11 February 1899. In: Shabtai Rosenne, ed. (2001). The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 and International Arbitration. Reports and Documents.
"Published under the auspices of the Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law."
Lee, Edward G., and Edward McWhinney, 'The 1987 Elections to the International Court ofJustice' Canadian Yearbook ofInternational Law 25 (1987) 379–88. Lee, Matthew Russell, 'At UN, Election of ICJ Judges is Archaic, Somali and French ...
The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 and International Arbitration: Reports and Documents (The Hague: TMC Asser Press, 2001), pp. xv–xvi. 'Report to the Conference from the Third Commission on Pacific Settlement of International ...
See Rosenne, The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 and International Arbitration: Reports and Documents, op. cit., p. 265. Report to the Conference from the Third Commission on the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, ...
Anthony C. SINCLAIR, “Differences in the Approach to Witness Evidence Between the Civil and Common Law Traditions” in D. BISHOP, E.G. KEHOE, eds., ... ELIZABETH R. LOFTUS, Eyewitness Testimony (Harvard University Press 1996) at pp.