This book focuses on the so-called shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring. In parts of East Asia it has long existed on a large scale and it is now becoming increasingly evident in other parts of Asia and in Africa, Europe and North America. Pupils commonly receive fee-free education in public schools and then at the end of the day and/or during week-ends and vacations supplementary tutoring in the same subjects on a fee-paying basis.Supplementary private tutoring can have positive dimensions. It helps students to cover the curriculum, provides a structured occupation for pupils outside school hours, and provides incomes for the tutors. However, tutoring may also have negative dimensions. If left to market forces, tutoring is likely to maintain and increase social inequalities, and it can create excessive pressure for young people who have inadequate time for non-academic activities. Especially problematic are situations in which school teachers provide extra tutoring in exchange for fees from their regular pupils.This book begins by surveying the scale, nature and implications of the shadow education system in a range of settings. It then identifies possible government responses to the phenomenon and encourages a proactive approach to designing appropriate policies.
This study documents the scale and nature of shadow education in different parts of the region. Shadow education has been a major phenomenon in East Asia and it has far-reaching economic and social implications.
Because of its size in a number of countries, and due to it nature--that of a private service oriented at improving academic performance--private tutoring has important implications for the educational...
(2021): Theorizing Shadow Education and Academic Success in East Asia: Understanding the Meaning, Value, and Use of Shadow Education by East Asian Students. New York: Routledge. Kimura, Haruo (2018): Data-based Discussion on Education ...
In high-intensity shadow education countries such as Japan, more than 10% of the students with a disadvantaged ... Considering the known high academic competitiveness of East Asian nations such as China, South Korea, and Japan, ...
We would also like to express our gratitude to our beloved and devoted colleagues and friends, Seungun Min, Sangwon Jung, Jaesung Cho, and Sungho Choi as they helped us with data collection and preliminary analysis of the data.
This book enables Western scholars and educators to recognize the roles and contributions of shadow education/hakwon education in an international context.
El papel de los actores no estatales no se limita a la escolarización, sino que se extiende a las intervenciones en varios niveles educativos y esferas de influencia.
Edwards, the Democrat they hated most, was now poised to win against Duke, their candidate by default, who was soon being savaged by TV spots of Nazi troops as his “past” became an international story. Across the state, bumper stickers ...
and documents it will also summarize major drivers of demand and supply in different time periods, and demonstrate how the tutoring phenomenon has functioned in parallel to mainstream schooling until now. Tutoring in Soviet Georgia ...
The book covers a wide range of topics, including: • Market economy and curriculum reform• Teaching under China’s market economy• Changes in higher education• Transitions from education to work • Market economy and social ...