In all parts of Asia, households devote considerable expenditures to private supplementary tutoring. This tutoring may contribute to students' achievement, but it also maintains and exacerbates social inequalities, diverts resources from other uses, and can contribute to inefficiencies in education systems. Such tutoring is widely called shadow education, because it mimics school systems. As the curriculum in the school system changes, so does the shadow. This study documents the scale and nature of shadow education in different parts of the region. Shadow education has been a major phenomenon in East Asia and it has far-reaching economic and social implications.
and documents it will also summarize major drivers of demand and supply in different time periods, and demonstrate how the tutoring phenomenon has functioned in parallel to mainstream schooling until now. Tutoring in Soviet Georgia ...
This book enables Western scholars and educators to recognize the roles and contributions of shadow education/hakwon education in an international context.
(2021): Theorizing Shadow Education and Academic Success in East Asia: Understanding the Meaning, Value, and Use of Shadow Education by East Asian Students. New York: Routledge. Kimura, Haruo (2018): Data-based Discussion on Education ...
In high-intensity shadow education countries such as Japan, more than 10% of the students with a disadvantaged ... Considering the known high academic competitiveness of East Asian nations such as China, South Korea, and Japan, ...
We would also like to express our gratitude to our beloved and devoted colleagues and friends, Seungun Min, Sangwon Jung, Jaesung Cho, and Sungho Choi as they helped us with data collection and preliminary analysis of the data.
Contemporary Japan, 27(2), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1515/cj2015-0008 Min, S. E. (2016). Beyond the boundary: The life history inquiry of educational experiences ... H., Buchmann, C., Choi, J., & Merry, J. J. Shadow Education Studies 37.
Researching shadow education: Methodological challenges and directions. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12564-009-9056-6 Bray, M. (2015). Exacerbating or reducing disparities?
The book covers a wide range of topics, including: • Market economy and curriculum reform• Teaching under China’s market economy• Changes in higher education• Transitions from education to work • Market economy and social ...
Using US schools as a reference point, this book provides a description of schooling as a global institution.
For example, in many societies, low-achieving children are more likely to use shadow education than high-achieving children (Baker et al., 2001). In addition, the relationship between gender and shadow education differs by country ...