海與帝國: 明清時代

海與帝國: 明清時代
ISBN-10
9570530774
ISBN-13
9789570530773
Category
History (General)
Pages
527
Language
Chinese
Published
2019-01-01
Publisher
臺灣商務
Author
上田信

Description

在18世紀的工業革命之前,
位於東歐亞的中國,是全球貿易的主導者。
為何明清時代的嚴厲海禁,
會成為推動東歐亞圈貿易活絡的關鍵?
 
超越以往中國通史的朝代框架,
以「海洋史觀」x「全球體系論」首創東歐亞的區域概念,
重新評價這段五百年的明清帝國海洋史。
★【專文導讀】東華大學歷史系副教授╱蔣竹山
 
一改歐洲觀點的霸道史觀,重寫征服、開發、文明化的西方論點,用鮮明的人物生平,重構五百年明清時代:
•一名船醫建立起百年老字號怡和洋行,更是讓英國在鴉片戰爭中獲勝的關鍵。
•失控的鹽制度和掃蕩沿海走私,明朝鹽商只能變身倭寇頭子。
•明朝承認與外國交易的互市,讓努爾哈赤得以用毛皮交易打造大清帝國。
•鄭芝龍的海上霸權,源自十七世紀日本幕府頒布海禁。
 
◎專制就是封閉?保守就是停滯?
歐洲優越主義已經崩解,大海洋史觀才是二十一世紀的論史主流!
一直以來,西方史學界對於中國明清時代的評論都不佳,從黑格爾的停滯論,到二戰後費正清的「衝擊─回應」論,甚至連接受馬克思主義史學體系的中國史學家們,本身也將明清所屬的十四至十九世紀歸類為「封建制度的末期」,是一個封閉又陳腐的時代。
 
然而以往的評論觀點,都是以「陸地」出發,如今,我們以海洋上發生的運輸、交流和貿易等層面,重新評價明清帝國,並發現在近代中國被評為負面遺產的「朝貢制度」,竟是當時維繫東歐亞地區秩序的最佳經貿體系。
 
◎從國家到地區,當帝國本身的制度跨區發展之後
作者上田信是中國改革開放後、第一批進入中國進行實地田野調查的日本史學家,他從「交易」的基礎,解構中華文明自商周以來改朝換代的拓展過程,是不斷因「集中─分配」而集合,接著又因與新文化交流而破壞交易穩定度,導致王朝瓦解、重組。
 
這個拓展過程到了元朝之後,因蒙古帝國建立遍布歐亞大陸全區的交易機制,將中國納入其中的一部分。自此之後,要了解中國史,在只有包含日本與韓國的東亞空間的框架內來探討,並不完整,所以上田信在本書提出了涵蓋東南亞諸國和印度的「東歐亞」地區,才能更全面的綜觀「交易」這項商業行為如何影響從百姓生活乃至一國制度的全面影響。
 
◎鄭和下西洋、女真崛起,讓我們從海洋的觀點重新看陸地上的歷史大事件
除了以截然不同的面相與論點,重新評析西方史學界口中的中國停滯時代之外,上田信更以民生經濟的角度,有別於過往提出的皇帝沉迷宗教、官員壓榨百姓、歉收造成飢荒等原因,提出元朝帝國為何敗亡的真正原因,和發生動亂的「地點」有關;也提出有別於史學家認為鄭和下西洋是巨額出超的「朝貢貿易」,而是運用不需成本的「里甲制」成品,去交換東南亞各國的珍稀物品,非常划算。
 
自元末至鴉片戰爭,一三五一年的紅巾賊之亂到一八五一年的太平天國,橫跨五百年,明清王朝在各種層面上承襲原生北方大地的蒙古帝國,超越了自秦至宋的中華框架,無法單純用中國朝代史或歐洲開發史來定義,我們將從海洋對帝國的影響,重新評價明清時代在全球歷史中的地位。

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