“The people” famously ousted Ferdinand Marcos from power in the Philippines in 1986. After democratization, though, a fault line appeared that split the people into citizens and the masses. The former were members of the middle class who engaged in civic action against the restored elite-dominated democracy, and viewed themselves as moral citizens in contrast with the masses, who were poor, engaged in illicit activities and backed flawed leaders. The masses supported emerging populist counter-elites who promised to combat inequality, and saw themselves as morally upright in contrast to the arrogant and oppressive actions of the wealthy in arrogating resources to themselves. In 2001, the middle class toppled the populist president Joseph Estrada through an extra-constitutional movement that the masses denounced as illegitimate. Fearing a populist uprising, the middle class supported action against informal settlements and street vendors, and violent clashes erupted between state forces and the poor. Although solidarity of the people re-emerged in opposition to the corrupt presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and propelled Benigno Aquino III to victory in 2010, inequality and elite rule continue to bedevil Philippine society. Each group considers the other as a threat to democracy, and the prevailing moral antagonism makes it difficult to overcome structural causes of inequality.
L'amiral Jacques Lanxade a été le conseiller militaire du président François Mitterrand avant d'être Chef d'Etat-Major des Armées. Ambassadeur de France en Tunisie de 1995 à 1999, il a redécouvert...
This book moves beyond the methodological nationalism of most comparative political analysis and creates an understanding of democracy linked to the global political economy by providing alternative narratives of struggles over ...
本书对近世“人”的发现及其意义、“公理”世界观下的权利意识以及国家正当理念的重构等三大部分内容均进行了祥述。
本书主要内容包括:绪论, 失败的民主记忆, 民主转型, 政党政治, 伊斯兰与印尼民主化, 地方分权改革, 公民社会, 结论.
The United States and other nations are fast approaching a fateful decision on whether or not to go to war with Iraq.
Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War
Tom Harkin (D-Iowa): Just think about it. Here we are, the— the most powerful military nation on earth. No one can even remotely challenge us. And a ragtag bunch of thugs, less than a hundred of them, turns back a United States ship.
This book illustrates perfectly how police officers truly serve the citizens in a democratic society whereas police officers in a totalitarian government only serve the needs of those who are in power.
La política en el Perú del siglo XX
History is not over.