Studies on learning and memory in honeybees have been historically framed in an appetitive context because bees learn remarkably well about sensory stimuli if these are associated with food.
This is likely to be complex because the different types of synaptic and nonsynaptic (cellular and neuronal) changes that underlie memory are known to occur at multiple locations within the neural network.
Lymnaea provides highly valuable experimental models for top-down analyses of associative learning and memory.
What is the engram, the memory trace that stores the content of memory?
A fundamental objective in neurobiology is to understand the neuronal circuitry that underlies different aspects of behavior (sensory integration, decision making, motor control, learning, and memory formation).
This chapter briefly reviews the most recent knowledge on octopus learning capabilities, focusing on its capability to learn by observation of conspecifics.
Learning and memory are intensively studied topics in modern brain and cognitive science.
Thermotaxis of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a suitable behavior for the study of neural plasticity.
Whereas short-term (minutes) plasticity is either presynaptic or postsynaptic, long-term (days) plasticity involves synaptic remodeling and growth, which require both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms.